Wednesday, March 1, 2023

Vitamin and mineral malnutrition

Vitamin and mineral malnutrition

Vitamins and minerals are essential to the proper functioning and maintenance of the human body.[105] There are 20 trace elements and minerals that are essential in small quantities to body function and overall human health.[105]

Iron deficiency is the most common inadequate nutrient worldwide, affecting approximately 2 billion people.[106] Globally, anemia affects 1.6 billion people, and represents a public health emergency in mothers and children under five.[107] The World Health Organization estimates that there exists 469 million women of reproductive age and approximately 600 million preschool and school-age children worldwide who are anemic.[108] Anemia, especially iron-deficient anemia, is a critical problem for cognitive developments in children, and its presence leads to maternal deaths and poor brain and motor development in children.[2] The development of anemia affects mothers and children more because infants and children have higher iron requirements for growth.[109] Health consequences for iron deficiency in young children include increased perinatal mortality, delayed mental and physical development, negative behavioral consequences, reduced auditory and visual function, and impaired physical performance.[110] The harm caused by iron deficiency during child development cannot be reversed and result in reduced academic performance, poor physical work capacity, and decreased productivity in adulthood.[3] Mothers are also very susceptible to iron-deficient anemia because women lose iron during menstruation, and rarely supplement it in their diet.[3] Maternal iron deficiency anemia increases the chances of maternal mortality, contributing to at least 18% of maternal deaths in low and middle income countries.[111]

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